1.
Discuss the embryology of the parathyroid glands.
2.
Tell us about primary, secondary, tertiary and pseudo hyperparathyroidism.
3.
Describe the clinical presentation of hyperparathyroidism.
4.
List the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia.
5.
Indications for surgery in hyperparathyoidism.
6.
Discuss the role of pre-operative vs. intra-operative localization studies.
Reference(s):
Sofferman, R. A., Nathan, M. H., Fairbank, J. T., Foster, R. S. J., & Krag, D. N. (1996). Preoperative technetium Tc 99m sestamibi imaging. Paving the way to minimal-access parathyroid surgery. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 122(4), 369–374.
Orloff, L. A. (2001). Methylene blue and sestamibi: complementary tools for localizing parathyroids. The Laryngoscope, 111(11 Pt 1), 1901–1904.
Sullivan, D. P., Scharf, S. C., & Komisar, A. (2001). Intraoperative gamma probe localization of parathyroid adenomas. The Laryngoscope, 111(5), 912–917.
7.
Discuss the principles of surgical management of primary.
Reference(s):
Sofferman, R. A. (1998). Surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism: review of my experience at the University of Vermont. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 124(9), 1056.
8.
Would you operate on an asymptomatic patient with hypercalcemia?
Reference(s):
NIH conference. Diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: consensus development conference statement. (1991). Annals of Internal Medicine, 114(7), 593–597.
9.
Discuss the indications for unilateral vs. bilateral parathyroid gland exploration.
Reference(s):
Andersen, P. E., Cohen, J. I., & Everts, E. C. (1998). Unilateral parathyroid exploration. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 124(9), 1052–1054.
10.
Discuss recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism after surgery.