1.
Discuss the role of the larynx in phonation. What other structures of the aerodigestive tract are important in phonation as well?
2.
What is the difference between hoarseness and dysarthria? What are distinguishing features of each?
3.
What are some objective measures of voice disorders? What is shimmer? Jitter? S-Z ratio? What is the maximum phonation time?
4.
What is the GRBAS scale?ck edit button to change this text.
5.
Discuss the laryngeal effects seen with different brain lesions such as cortex, extrapyramidal system, cerebellum and brainstem.
6.
How can laryngeal electromyography (EMG) assist in the diagnosis and management of voice disorders?
7.
What are hyperfunctional and hypofunctional voice disorders? Give us a list and short description of each.
8.
What are the characteristics and etiology of focal dystonia?
9.
Describe the clinical presentation of adductor vs. abductor spasmodic dysphonia (SD). How might you differentiate the two disorders?
10.
How is muscle tension dysphonia different from spasmodic dysphonia?
11.
What are tremors and how is essential voice tremors treated?
12.
Is stuttering a psychogenic or movement disorder?
13.
What are the typical fiberoptic laryngoscopy and EMG findings of SD?
14.
Describe voice therapy and SD. What is inhalational voice therapy?
15.
What systemic drugs have been used in treatment of SD and do they work?
16.
Discuss botulinum toxin injection as a treatment for SD. Should you do unilateral vs. bilateral injections? What laryngeal muscle(s) do you inject and how do you find it? What dosages are used?
Reference(s):
Novakovic, D, Waters, H.H., D’Elia, J.B., Blitzer, A. (2011). Botulinum toxin treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia: Longitudinal functional outcomes. Laryngoscope. 121(3), 606-12.
17.
Are there different muscles that can be injected for SD?
Reference(s):
Simpson, C. B., Lee, C. T., Hatcher, J. L., & Michalek, J. (2016). Botulinum toxin treatment of false vocal folds in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: Functional outcomes. The Laryngoscope, 126(1), 118–121.
18.
Discuss recurrent nerve section for treatment of SD. What are advantages and disadvantages.
Reference(s):
Mendelsohn, A. H., & Berke, G. S. (2012). Surgery or botulinum toxin for adductor spasmodic dysphonia: a comparative study. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 121(4), 231–238.
19.
What other neurologic disorders can produce a voice disorder. What is Meige’s disease?
20.
How do the voice changes differ in primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
21.
What are the common laryngeal findings of Parkinson’s disease and what is Lee Silverman Voice Therapy?
22.
What is paradoxical vocal fold motion? What are the organic and non-organic causes of the phenomena?
Reference(s):
Murry, T., Branski, R. C., Yu, K., Cukier-Blaj, S., Duflo, S., & Aviv, J. E. (2010). Laryngeal sensory deficits in patients with chronic cough and paradoxical vocal fold movement disorder. The Laryngoscope, 120(8), 1576–1581.
23.
Discuss the treatment of paradoxical vocal fold movement. What techniques may be helpful?
24.
Discuss the aging voice.
Reference(s):
Vaca, M., Mora, E., & Cobeta, I. (2015). The Aging Voice: Influence of Respiratory and Laryngeal Changes. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 153(3), 409–413.
25.
Describe dysphonia plica ventricularis symptoms, etiology, diagnosis and management.
Reference(s):
Maryn, Y., De Bodt, M. S., & Van Cauwenberge, P. (2003). Ventricular dysphonia: clinical aspects and therapeutic options. The Laryngoscope, 113(5), 859–866.